Substantivul
Substantivul, in limba engleza, are patru genuri:
- genul masculin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen masculin
(boy, man, son , brother, king)
- genul feminin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen feminin
(woman, mother, girl, wife, sister)
- gen neutru = substantivele care denumesc obiecte si animale
(dog, , purse, window, cat)
- genul comun = substantivele care au aceeasi forma atat la masculin cat si la feminin
(teacher, doctor, friend, author)
Deosebirea dintre substantivele feminine si masculine se face astfel:
- se foloseste cuvinte diferite pentru feminin si masculin :
Feminin Masculin
aunt = matusa uncle = unchi
daughter = fiica son = fiu
girl = fata bou = baiat
hen = gaina cock = cocos
nice = nepoata nephew = nepot
sister = sora brother = frate
mother = mama father = tata
wife = sotie husband = sot
woman = femeie man = barbat
- se adauga un sufix:
prince - princess
actor - actress
waiter - waitress
- pentru locuitorii unei tari, terminate in sh si ch, genul persoanei se indica folosind
cuvintele: man si woman.
an Englishman - an Englishwoman
a Romanianmam - a Romanianwoman
Pluralul substantivelor :
1)- In general se realizeaza adaugand "-s" la substantivul la singular:
cat + "s" = cats
dog + "s" = dogs
2)- pentru substantivele terminate in "s", "x", "sh", "ch","zh", "z" sau "j" pluralul se
formeaza adugand "-es" sau "-s", daca substantivul se termina in "e" mut.
bus + "es" = buses
box + "es" = boxes
dish + "es" = dishes
church + "es" = churches
mirage + "s" = mirages
prize + "s" = prizes
bridge + "s" = bridges
3)- a) - pentru substantive terminate in "y" pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand
"-s", daca "y" final este precedat de o vocala(a, e, i, o, u).
boy + "s" = boys
- b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "y", unde "y" final este precedat de o consoana,
pluralul substantivelor se formeaza astfe: se transforma "y" in "i" si apoi se
adauga "-es"
baby - y + "s" = babies
4)- a) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", pluralul substantivelor se formeaza
adaugand "-s", daca "o" este precedat de o vocala (a, e, i, o, u).
radio + "s" = radios
- b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", unde "o" este precedat de o consoana,
pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand "-es".
tomato + "es" = tomatoes
Atentie : - pentru substantivele legate (referitoare) de muzica - pot forma
pluralul adaugand "-s", chiar daca "o" este precedat de o consoana
piano + "s" = pianos
5)-pentru substantivele terminate in "f" sau "fe", pluralul substantivelor se face
adaugand "-s".
roof + "s" = roofs
giraffe + "s" = giraffes
- Exista exceptii la aceasta regula.Unele substantive terminate in "f" sau "fe" fac
pluralul schimband pe "f" in "-ves". Iara aceste exceptii :
calf - calves = vitel/ vitei
elf- elves = spiridusi/i
half - halves = jumatate/jumatati
knife - knives = cutit/cutite
leaf - leaves = frunza/frunze
loaf - loaves = franzela,paine/franzele
life - lives = viata/vieti
penknife - penknife = briceag/bricege
sheaf - sheaves = snop/snopi
staff - staves = portativ
scarf - scarves = esarfa, fular/esarfe,fulare - dar si scarfs
self - selves = ins, fiinta
shelf - shelves = raft/rafturi
thief - thieves = hot/hoti
wolf - wolves = lup/lupi
wife - wives = sotie/sotii
6)- urmatoarele substantive nu respecta nici o regula in formarea pluralelor :
| Singular |
Plural |
| alga |
algae |
| alumna |
alumnae |
| alumnus |
alumni |
| antenna (on a bug's head) |
antennae |
| antenna (on a television) |
antennas |
| appendix |
appendixes, appendices |
| bacterium |
bacteria |
| bison |
bison |
| buffalo |
buffalos, buffaloes, buffalo |
| bus |
buses, busses |
| cactus |
cacti, cactuses |
| child |
children |
| corps |
corps |
| criterion |
criteria |
| crisis |
crises |
| datum |
data |
| deer |
deer |
| die |
dice |
| dwarf |
dwarfs, dwarves |
| foot |
feet |
| fish |
fish, fishes |
| goose |
geese |
| half |
halves |
| hippopotamus |
hippopotami, hippopotamuses |
| hoof |
hoofs, hooves |
| louse |
lice |
| man |
men |
| medium |
media |
| memorandum |
memoranda |
| moose |
moose |
| mouse |
mice |
| octopus |
octopi, octopuses, octopodes |
| ox |
oxen |
| scarf |
scarves, scarfs |
| series |
series |
| sheep |
sheep |
| staff (stick or line for |
| charting music) |
staves |
| staff (group of workers) |
staffs |
| stegosaurus |
stegosauri |
| swine |
swine |
| talisman |
talismans |
| tooth |
teeth |
| wharf |
wharfs, wharves |
| woman |
women |
|
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